To infinity and beyond - supercomputers take huge leap

The ion-crystal used is poised to create one of the most powerful computers ever developed, with the results published in the journal Nature.

"Computing technology has taken a huge leap forward using a crystal with just 300 atoms suspended in space," Dr Biercuk, from the University's School of Physics and ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, said.

"The system we have developed has the potential to perform calculations that would require a supercomputer larger than the size of the known universe - and it does it all in a diameter of less than a millimetre.

"The projected performance of this new experimental quantum simulator eclipses the current maximum capacity of any known computer by an astonishing 10 to the power of 80. That is 1 followed by 80 zeros, in other words 80 orders of magnitude, a truly mind-boggling scale."

The work smashes previous records in terms of the number of elements working together in a quantum simulator, and therefore the complexity of the problems that can be addressed.

The team Dr Biercuk worked with, including scientists from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, Georgetown University in Washington, North Carolina State University and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa, has produced a specialised kind of quantum computer known as a 'quantum simulator'.

Ever since Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman highlighted the potential of quantum computing in the 1980s, scientists have been attempting to build quantum computers capable of solving some of the largest and most complex problems. Special-purpose quantum simulators have tremendous potential to solve a variety of challenging problems in materials science, chemistry, and biology, with much greater efficiency than conventional computers.

The research team's revolutionary crystal exceeds all previous experimental attempts in providing 'programmability' and the critical threshold of qubits (a unit measuring quantum information) needed for the simulator to exceed the capability of most supercomputers.

"Many properties of natural materials governed by the laws of quantum mechanics are very difficult to model using conventional computers. The key concept in quantum simulation is building a quantum system to provide insights into the behaviour of other naturally occurring physical systems," Dr Biercuk said.

Much like studying a scale model of an airplane wing in a wind tunnel to simulate the behaviour of a full-scale aircraft, tremendous insights about difficult and complex quantum systems can be gleaned using a quantum 'scale model'.

"By engineering precisely controlled interactions and then studying the output of the system, we are effectively running a 'program' for the simulation," Dr Biercuk said.

"In our case, we are studying the interactions of spins in the field of quantum magnetism - a key problem that underlies new discoveries in materials science for energy, biology, and medicine.

"For instance, we hope to study the spin interactions predicted by models for high-temperature superconductivity - a physical phenomenon that has yet to be explained, but has the potential to revolutionise power distribution and high-speed transport."

The experimental device provides exceptional new capabilities which allow the researchers to engineer interactions which mimic those found in natural materials.

Remarkably they can even realise interactions that are not known to be found in nature, engineering totally new forms of quantum matter.